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Spent shale or spent oil shale (also known as retorted shale) is a solid residue from the shale oil extraction process of producing synthetic shale oil from oil shale. It consists of inorganic compounds (minerals) and remaining organic matter known as char—a carbonaceous residue formed from kerogen. Depending of the extraction process and an amount of remaining organic matter, spent shale may be classified as oil shale coke, semi-coke or coke-ash residue, known also as oil shale ash.〔 〕〔 〕 According to the European Union waste list all these types of spent shale are classified as hazardous waste.〔 Oil shale coke was created by chamber ovens which were used for oil shale gas production.〔 Vertical retorts create mainly semi-coke. Most of solid heat carrier processes creates coke-ash residue as the semi-coke created during the process is combusted for the process energy needs.〔 〕 Spent shale can be used as ingredients in cement or brick manufacture.〔〔 〕〔 〕 In Jordan, usage of spent shale for the production of sodium carbonate, ammonium sulfate, and potassium sulfate has been studied.〔 〕 ==References== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「spent shale」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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